Magyar NyelvtanGrammar Reference
Vowel Harmony (Hangrend)
Every Hungarian suffix has two or three forms. The vowels in the word root determine which form to use. Words with only back vowels take back-vowel suffixes; words with front vowels take front-vowel suffixes. When a word contains both, the last vowel usually governs. Most loanwords with i/í only are treated as front-vowel words.
| Class | Root Vowels | Suffix Vowel | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Back (A) | a á o ó u úno front vowels present | -a / -o / -u | ház, vonat, autó, tanul |
| Front-E (E) | e é i íno back or rounded-front vowels | -e / -e / -e | keres, ember, diák, fiú |
| Front-Ö (Ö) | ö ő ü ű(may also contain e/i) | -ö / -ö / -ü | követ, öltöny, tükör, fül |
Personal Suffix Overview
This master table shows the personal endings for each tense and conjugation type. The suffix colour red highlights the meaningful ending. Back (A), Front-E (E), Front-Ö (Ö) columns reflect vowel harmony. -ik verbs (ikes igék) take -m in 1st sg. indefinite present instead of -k.
| Person | Present — Indefinite | Present — Definite | Past — Indefinite | Past — Definite | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Back (A) | Front (E) | Front-Ö | Back (A) | Front (E/Ö) | Back (A) | Front (E/Ö) | Back (A) | Front (E/Ö) | |
| én | -ok | -ek | -ök | -om | -em / -öm | -tam | -tem | -tam | -tem |
| te | -(a)sz* | -(e)sz* | -(ö)sz* | -od | -ed / -öd | -tál | -tél | -tad | -ted |
| ő / Ön | — (bare stem) | -ja / -i(1) | -i | -t / -tt(2) | -tt(2) | -ta | -te | ||
| mi | -unk | -ünk | -ünk | -juk / -uk(1) | -jük / -ük(1) | -tunk | -tünk | -tuk | -tük |
| ti | -(a)tok | -(e)tek | -(ö)tök | -játok / -itek(1) | -itek | -tatok | -tetek | -tátok | -tétek |
| ők / Önök | -nak | -nek | -nek | -ják / -ik(1) | -ik | -tak | -tek | -ták | -ték |
(1) Definite 3rd-person: stems ending in s, sz, z, dz use -i/-ük/-itek/-ik; all others use -ja/-juk/-játok/-ják.
(2) Past 3rd sg. indef: -tt after vowel-final stems or stems ending in l, r, n, ny, j preceded by a short vowel (e.g. tanult, but élt, halt).
Present Tense — Indefinite & Definite Conjugation
Three model verbs: tanul (to learn) — back vowel; keres (to search) — front-e vowel; követ (to follow) — front-ö vowel. Definite conjugation is used when the direct object is specific/definite.
| Person | tanulni (back — A) | keresni (front — E) | követni (front — Ö) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronoun | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. |
| én | tanulok | tanulom | keresek | keresem | követek | követem |
| te | tanulsz | tanulod | keresel | keresed | követsz | követed |
| ő / Ön | tanul | tanulja | keres | keresi | követ | követi |
| mi | tanulunk | tanuljuk | keresünk | keressük | követünk | követjük |
| ti | tanultok | tanuljátok | kerestek | keresitek | követtek | követitek |
| ők / Önök | tanulnak | tanulják | keresnek | keresik | követnek | követik |
-ik Verbs (Ikes Igék) — Present Indefinite
Verbs whose 3rd person singular ends in -ik (dolgozik, eszik) use -m in 1st sg. instead of -k. Many common verbs fall into this class. The te-form uses -ol/-el/-öl. In the definite conjugation, -ik verbs behave identically to regular verbs.
| Person | dolgozni (to work — back) | enni* (to eat — front) | úszni (to swim — back) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronoun | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. |
| én | dolgozom | dolgozom | eszem | eszem | úszom | úszom |
| te | dolgozol | dolgozod | eszel | eszed | úszol | úszod |
| ő / Ön | dolgozik | dolgozza | eszik | eszi | úszik | úszsza |
| mi | dolgozunk | dolgozzuk | eszünk | eszsük | úszunk | úszszuk |
| ti | dolgoztok | dolgozzátok | esztek | eszitek | úsztok | úszszátok |
| ők / Önök | dolgoznak | dolgozzák | esznek | eszik | úsznak | úszszák |
Important: For -ik verbs, the 3rd person does not follow from the 1st. én dolgozom → ő dolgozik — the -ik ending reappears on 3rd person and is absent from 1st. Also: van (én vagyok → ő van), megy (én megyek → ő megy), jön (én jövök → ő jön), and lő (én lövök → ő lő) all have stem alternations where 3rd ≠ bare 1st-person stem.
Past Tense — Indefinite & Definite
The past tense marker is -t (or -tt after vowel-final stems or certain consonants). A linking vowel (-a-/-e-) is inserted before consonant-cluster endings. Note that 1st sg. is identical in indefinite and definite for past tense.
| Person | tanulni (back — A) | keresni (front — E) | követni (front — Ö) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronoun | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. | Indef. | Def. |
| én | tanultam | tanultam | kerestem | kerestem | követtem | követtem |
| te | tanultál | tanultad | kerestél | kerested | követtél | követted |
| ő / Ön | tanult | tanulta | keresett | kereste | követett | követte |
| mi | tanultunk | tanultuk | kerestünk | kerestük | követtünk | követtük |
| ti | tanultatok | tanultátok | kerestetek | kerestétek | követtetek | követtétek |
| ők / Önök | tanultak | tanulták | kerestek | keresték | követtek | követték |
Future Tense & Imperative (Felszólító mód)
Hungarian uses present tense + time expression for near future. For explicit future, use the auxiliary fog (conjugated) + infinitive (-ni suffix).
| Person | fog (aux.) | Example: tanulni | Imperative (tanul) | Imperative (keres) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | fogok | fogok tanulni | tanuljak?* | keressek?* |
| te | fogsz | fogsz tanulni | tanulj! | keress! |
| ő / Ön | fog | fog tanulni | tanuljon | keressen |
| mi | fogunk | fogunk tanulni | tanuljunk! | keressünk! |
| ti | fogtok | fogtok tanulni | tanuljatok! | keressetek! |
| ők / Önök | fognak | fognak tanulni | tanuljanak | keressenek |
Key Irregular Verbs — Present Indefinite
These verbs deviate substantially from the regular patterns and must be memorised. van is omitted in 3rd person present when the predicate is a noun or adjective (Péter tanár — Peter is a teacher).
| Person | lenni (to be) | menni (to go) | jönni (to come) | lenni (to become/will be) | enni (to eat) | inni (to drink) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | vagyok | megyek | jövök | leszek | eszem | iszom |
| te | vagy | mész | jössz | leszel | eszel | iszol |
| ő / Ön | van | megy | jön | lesz | eszik | iszik |
| mi | vagyunk | megyünk | jövünk | leszünk | eszünk | iszunk |
| ti | vagytok | mentek | jöttök | lesztek | esztek | isztok |
| ők / Önök | vannak | mennek | jönnek | lesznek | esznek | isznak |
| Person | tenni (to put/do) | venni (to take/buy) | hinni (to believe) | vinni (to carry) | aludni (to sleep) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | teszek | veszek | hiszek | viszek | alszom |
| te | teszel | veszel | hiszel | viszel | alszol |
| ő / Ön | tesz | vesz | hisz | visz | alszik |
| mi | teszünk | veszünk | hiszünk | viszünk | alszunk |
| ti | tesztek | vesztek | hisztek | visztek | alsztok |
| ők / Önök | tesznek | vesznek | hisznek | visznek | alszanak |
Verbal Prefixes (Igekötők)
Hungarian verbal prefixes work exactly like German separable prefixes — they attach in affirmative present/past, and split off to the end in negation, questions, and certain other constructions. The spatial logic transfers almost 1:1 from German: be = ein-, ki = aus-, fel = auf-, le = ab-, el = weg-, vissza = zurück-, össze = zusammen-, szét = zer-.
Example of splitting: megtanulni (to learn/master) → conjugated: tanul meg — Magyarokat tanul meg = He masters Hungarian. Negated: nem tanulja meg — cf. German lernt…auf / lernt es nicht auf.
Spatial / Directional Prefixes
| Prefix | Core meaning | German parallel | Example (attached) | Separated (neg.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| be- | inward, into | ein- (eintreten) | bemegy — goes in | nem megy be |
| ki- | outward, out of | aus- (ausgehen) | kijön — comes out | nem jön ki |
| fel- / föl- | upward | auf- (aufstehen) | felébred — wakes up | nem ébred fel |
| le- | downward | ab- (absteigen) | lefekszik — lies down | nem fekszik le |
| el- | away, departure; also gradual completion | weg- / fort- | elad — sells; elmegy — leaves | nem ad el |
| vissza- | back, return | zurück- | visszamegy — goes back | nem megy vissza |
| át- | across, through, over | durch- / über- | átmegy — crosses over | nem megy át |
| össze- | together, combining | zusammen- | összekever — mixes together | nem kever össze |
| szét- | apart, dispersal | zer- (zerbrechen) | szétszed — takes apart | nem szedi szét |
| rá- | onto a surface; imposing on | — | rárak — places on top | nem rak rá |
| le- | downward | ab- | (see above) | |
| alá- | under, beneath | — | aláír — signs (lit. writes under) | nem ír alá |
| elő- | forward; out from concealment | vor- | előhoz — brings out/forward | nem hoz elő |
| hozzá- | toward; appending onto | — | hozzáad — adds to | nem ad hozzá |
| körül- | around | um- | körülnéz — looks around | nem néz körül |
| szét- | apart | zer- | (see above) | |
| ide- | hither, toward speaker | — | idejön — comes here | nem jön ide |
| oda- | thither, away from speaker | — | odamegy — goes there | nem megy oda |
| keresztül- | through, all the way across | durch- (emphatic) | keresztülmegy — goes all the way through | nem megy keresztül |
| végig- | all the way along, from start to end | — | végigolvas — reads all the way through | nem olvas végig |
| félre- | aside; also "wrongly, mis-" | miss- / beiseite- | félreért — misunderstands | nem ért félre |
| túl- | over, beyond, past; excess | über- (excess sense) | túlél — survives (lit. lives past) | nem él túl |
| szembe- | facing, against, head-on | — | szembefordul — turns to face | nem fordul szembe |
Aspectual Prefix
| Prefix | Core meaning | German parallel | Example | Separated (neg.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| meg- | Perfectivity — marks that the action is complete and bounded. No spatial meaning; the "default" perfective when no direction applies. | Closest to the German ge- participle marker in spirit — completion — but used as an active prefix | megtanul — masters/learns (fully); megáll — stops completely; megcsinál — gets it done | nem tanul meg; nem áll meg |
Intensifier / Idiomatic Prefixes
| Prefix | Core meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| agyon- | to death; to excess | agyondolgozza magát — works himself to death |
| tele- | full, filling up | telerak — packs full |
| egybe- | into one, merging | egybeír — writes together as one word |
| közbe- | in-between, interrupting | közbeszól — cuts in, interrupts |
el- does double duty: spatial (away) and aspectual (gradual completion/deterioration) — elfárad = tires out (gradually).
rá- often implies imposition or obligation in abstract use: rávesz valakit valamire = to get/convince someone to do something (lit. "put it onto them").
be-/ki- and fel-/le- are clean antonym pairs — very predictable.
ide-/oda- mark speaker-relative direction, like demonstrative pronouns: ide = toward me here; oda = away to there.
Prefix Paradigm in Practice: írni (to write)
Every core prefix applied to a single common verb. The spatial logic of each prefix maps directly onto the derived meaning — with a few metaphorical extensions worth noting. Aláírni (to sign) appears in the Vocabulary section; it is included here precisely because the prefix makes the meaning transparent.
| Form | Prefix sense | Derived meaning | Notes & examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| megírni | completion — perfective | to write (something completely) | Megírtam a levelet = I've written/finished the letter. The default perfective — no directional sense, just "done." |
| beírni | inward, into | to write in / to enter (data) | Beírta a nevét = She wrote her name in (a form/register). Iratkozz be! = Enrol! |
| kiírni | outward, out of | to copy out; to post/announce; to discharge | ⚠ Three meanings: Kiírták az állást = They posted the vacancy. Kiírták a kórházból = Discharged from hospital. |
| felírni | upward | to note down; to prescribe (medication) | ⚠ Dual meaning: felírta a receptet = wrote up / prescribed the prescription. See also előírni for formal prescription. |
| leírni | downward | to write down; to describe; to write off | ⚠ Triple meaning: leírta az eseményt = described the event. Leírja a veszteséget = writes off the loss. |
| elírni | away from, wrongly | to make a writing mistake / typo | Elírtam a szót = I mistyped/misspelled the word. The el- deterioration sense: going wrong. |
| átírni | across, through | to rewrite; to transfer (a document); to revise history | Átírta a szerződést = Rewrote/transferred the contract. Átírja a történelmet = rewrites history (figurative). |
| ráírni | onto a surface | to write onto (something) | Ráírta a nevét a csomagra = Wrote her name on the package. |
| aláírni | under, beneath | to sign | Lit. "to write under." Aláírta a szerződést = Signed the contract. The prefix makes the meaning self-evident. |
| körülírni | around | to circumscribe; to talk around; to paraphrase | Körülírta a fogalmat = paraphrased/talked around the concept. A classic metaphorical extension of körül-. |
| előírni | forward, out | to prescribe (formally); to stipulate; to specify | Az orvos előírta = The doctor prescribed. More formal/official than felírni; implies specifying what must be done. |
| visszaírni | back, return | to write back; to reply (by letter/message) | Visszaírt a levelemre = He wrote back to my letter. |
| összeírni | together, combining | to compile (a list); to register (people) | Összeírták a résztvevőket = They compiled/registered the list of participants. |
| felülírni | above, on top of | to overwrite (data); to supersede | A vírus felülírta az adatokat = The virus overwrote the data. Common in tech and legal contexts. |
| hozzáírni | toward, appending | to append; to add in writing | Hozzáírta a megjegyzését = He appended his note to it. |
leírni is the most ambiguous form: to write down, to describe (in writing), and to write off (accounting). Context resolves it.
Possessive Suffixes (Birtokos Személyjelek)
Possessive suffixes attach directly to nouns — Hungarian has no possessive pronouns ("my", "your", etc.) as separate words. The suffix varies by vowel harmony class and whether the possessed noun is singular or plural. A linking -j- appears before the suffix for nouns ending in a vowel, and optionally for some consonant-final nouns.
| Person | Singular Possession (my table, your garden…) | Plural Possession (my tables, your gardens…) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix (back) | asztal → (table) | kert → (garden) | Suffix (back) | asztal → (tables) | kert → (gardens) | |
| én (my) | -om / -am / -m* | asztalom | kertem | -jaim / -aim | asztaljaim | kertjeim |
| te (your) | -od / -ad / -d* | asztalod | kerted | -jaid / -aid | asztalaid | kertjeid |
| ő / Ön (his/her) | -a / -ja* | asztala | kertje | -jai / -ai | asztalai | kertjei |
| mi (our) | -unk / -ünk | asztalunk | kertünk | -jaink / -aink | asztaljaink | kertjeink |
| ti (your pl.) | -otok / -etek / -ötök | asztalotok | kertetek | -jaitok / -aitok | asztalaitok | kertjeitek |
| ők / Önök (their) | -uk / -juk / -ük / -jük* | asztaluk | kertjük | -jaik / -aik | asztaljaik | kertjeik |
* After a short vowel at the end of the stem, the linking vowel shortens or drops: autó → autóm (no linking vowel needed after long vowel).
Front-Ö class follows the same pattern but with -öm / -öd / -je / -ünk / -ötök / -jük in the singular. Example: tükör (mirror) → tükröm, tükröd, tükre, tükrünk, tükrötök, tükrük (note vowel drop in stem).
Case Suffixes (Esetragok)
Hungarian has 18 grammatical cases, all expressed through suffixes on the noun. The nine locative cases follow a logical 3×3 grid — three positions (interior, surface, proximity) × three directions (static, toward, away from). All suffixes obey vowel harmony.
| Case (Eset) | Suffix (back / front) | Meaning / Function | Example (ház = house) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative (alany) | — | Subject | a ház |
| Accusative (tárgy) | -t / -at / -et / -öt | Direct object | a házat |
| Dative (részes) | -nak / -nek | Indirect object — to/for | a háznak |
| Instrumental (eszköz) | -val / -vel → assimilates* | With / by means of | a házzal |
| Causal-Final (ok) | -ért | For (sake, purpose, price) | a házért |
| Translative (változás) | -vá / -vé → assimilates* | Into / becoming | házzá |
| Terminative (vég) | -ig | Until / as far as (invariable) | a házig |
| Essive-Formal (mód) | -ként | As / in the capacity of | házként |
| Distributive | -nként | Each / per / every | házonként |
The nine locative cases follow a strict 3×3 logic — memorise the grid, not each case individually:
| Location type | 🏠 Interior (in/into/out of) | 📐 Surface (on/onto/off) | 📍 Proximity (at/toward/from) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static — where? | -ban / -ben in a házban — in the house |
-n / -on / -en / -ön on a házon — on the house |
-nál / -nél at, by a háznál — at the house |
| Toward — where to? | -ba / -be into a házba — into the house |
-ra / -re onto a házra — onto the house |
-hoz / -hez / -höz to a házhoz — to the house |
| Away — where from? | -ból / -ből out of a házból — out of the house |
-ról / -ről off / about a házról — off the roof / about the house |
-tól / -től from a háztól — from the house |
-ról / -ről also means "about" (topic): a házról beszél = he talks about the house.
Note on -n: the superessive always uses a linking vowel after consonant-final stems (házon, kerten, tükrön); after vowel-final stems it attaches directly (autón).
más vs. másik — "other" / "the other one"
Like Spanish otro vs. el otro, or German ein anderer vs. der andere. The distinction is between "other" in the abstract vs. a specific one from a known set.
| Word | Use | Example | Parallel |
|---|---|---|---|
| más | other (general / abstract) | Más emberek = other people; Ez más = This is different | ES: otro, DE: ein anderer |
| másik | the other one (specific, from a known set) | A másik kulcs = the other key; Adj a másikat = Give me the other one | ES: el otro, DE: der andere |
ismer vs. tud — two kinds of "to know"
The Spanish conocer/saber and German kennen/wissen split. Hungarian makes exactly the same distinction.
| Word | Use | Example | Parallel |
|---|---|---|---|
| ismerni | to know (a person, place — familiarity) | Ismerem Budapestet = I know Budapest; Ismered Annát? = Do you know Anna? | ES: conocer, DE: kennen |
| tudni | to know (a fact, skill); also: to be able to | Tudom, hogy esik = I know it's raining; Tudsz úszni? = Can you swim? | ES: saber, DE: wissen / können |
álmos vs. fáradt — "sleepy" vs. "tired"
A distinction Hungarian maintains that English collapses. Worth knowing because you will feel both in Hungary.
| Word | Meaning | Context |
|---|---|---|
| álmos | sleepy | Specifically want to sleep — eyelids heavy; from álom (sleep/dream) + os suffix |
| fáradt | tired / weary | General fatigue — physically or mentally worn out; from fárad (to tire) + t participial suffix |
majd vs. fog + infinitive — the future
Hungarian has two ways to express future events with a meaningful difference in certainty. In everyday speech a third option — present tense + time expression — is the most common of all.
| Form | Tone | Example |
|---|---|---|
| majd + verb (present) | Soft / vague future — "I'll get around to it," later, uncertain | Majd megcsinálom = I'll do it (sometime). Majd meglátjuk = We'll see. |
| fog + infinitive | Firm / stated future — deliberate, explicit | Meg fogom csinálni = I am going to do it. El fog jönni = He will come. |
| present + time word | Near future — most natural in speech | Holnap megyek = I'm going tomorrow. Mindjárt jövök = I'll be right there. |
itt / ide / ott / oda — location vs. direction
Hungarian rigorously separates where something is (static) from where something is going (motion toward) from where something comes from (motion away). The German hier/her/da/hin system is the closest parallel.
| Magyar | Deutsch | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| itt | hier | here (static — where I am) | Itt vagyok = I'm here |
| ide | her(ein) | here (motion toward speaker) | Gyere ide! = Come here! |
| ott | da / dort | there (static — where it is) | Ott van a kulcs = The key is there |
| oda | hin | there (motion away from speaker) | Megyek oda = I'm going there |
Szókincs KategóriákVocabulary by Category
Figyelem — Watch OutKey Homonyms & Polysemes
⚠ These words carry multiple unrelated meanings — context is everything
Every entry below is flagged with ⚠ in the vocabulary section above. Internalise these early; they trip up learners at every level.
- nap = sun & day
- hét = seven & week
- nem = no/not & gender
- ég = sky (n.) & to burn (v.)
- könnyű = light (weight) & easy
- jobb = right (direction) & better
- idő = time & weather
- nyelv = tongue & language
- fa = tree & wood
- üveg = glass (material) & bottle
- láb = leg & foot
- föld = ground, Earth & soil
- dél = south & noon
- hold = moon & acre
- sír = to cry (v.) & grave (n.)
- vesz = to buy & to take
- hord = to carry & to wear
- fő = main/head (adj.) & to boil (v.)
- nő = woman (n.) & to grow (v.)
- fog = tooth (n.) & to grab/catch (v.)